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Budshah Tomb
Nestled along the banks of the serene Jhelum River in the heart of Srinagar’s old city stands a monument that has witnessed centuries of history—the Budshah Tomb. This understated yet deeply significant structure is not just a resting place; it is a memorial to love, wisdom, and one of Kashmir’s greatest eras. Built by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, revered as Budshah or “The Great King”, in honor of his mother, this tomb embodies a unique blend of filial piety, architectural brilliance, and the spirit of Kashmiriyat.
 Who Was Budshah?
Born in 1395 CE, Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin came to power in 1420 CE during a period of political turmoil in the Kashmir Valley. Despite the instability he inherited, he emerged as a visionary ruler whose reign lasted nearly 50 years and ushered in an unparalleled golden age. His deep commitment to justice, religious tolerance, and cultural revival earned him the affectionate title Budshah—a name that still resonates with pride among Kashmiris.
Budshah’s reign is remembered for groundbreaking reforms and humanitarian policies. He abolished the jizya tax imposed on non-Muslims, banned cow slaughter to respect Hindu sentiments, rebuilt desecrated Hindu temples, and invited exiled Kashmiri Pandits back to the valley. He revived Sanskrit literature, supported both Hindu pandits and Sufi saints, and promoted peaceful coexistence, thus laying the foundation of what would later be known as Kashmiriyat, the region’s unique ethos of cultural and religious harmony.
 A Patron of Art, Architecture, and Innovation
Zain-ul-Abidin’s reign wasn’t just politically stable—it was culturally vibrant. He invited master artisans from Central Asia and Persia, who introduced new skills and crafts that transformed Kashmir into a thriving center of creativity. Under his patronage, Kashmiri artisans mastered papier-mache, sozni embroidery, wood carving, carpet weaving, and metalwork. These crafts, introduced over five centuries ago, remain central to Kashmir’s identity today.
In addition to art and craft, Budshah built Zaina Kadal, the first bridge across the Jhelum in 1427, and established townships like Zainapura and Zainagir. He also created hospitals, schools, bathhouses, and irrigation systems—leaving behind not just cultural, but also infrastructural legacies.
The Queen Mother: Miran
Much of Budshah’s character and ideals were shaped by his mother, Queen Miran, also known as Miradevi. She is remembered as a wise and influential figure in his life, someone who guided him with a firm yet compassionate hand. Upon her passing, Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin was heartbroken. To honor her, he commissioned a tomb that would eternally symbolize her influence—not just on him, but on the entire Kashmiri civilization.
The Architecture of Budshah Tomb
Constructed around 1465 CE, the Budshah Tomb is located in Mazar-e-Salateen, the royal cemetery near Zaina Kadal in Srinagar. Architecturally, the tomb reflects a rare fusion of Central Asian Timurid, Persian, and local Kashmiri styles, a departure from the traditionally wooden structures common in the valley.
The tomb has an octagonal base, symbolizing balance and harmony, and was originally crowned with a copper-plated dome that once glimmered in the sunlight. The blue-glazed brick facade, inspired by the architectural styles of Samarkand, still retains some of its vibrant hue despite centuries of wear. The structure features true Islamic arches, squinches, and ornamental brickwork—pioneering elements in Kashmir’s architectural history. The tomb sits atop a stone plinth, which is believed to have belonged to an earlier Hindu temple, symbolizing the seamless blending of cultures during Budshah’s era.
Inside, the tomb is solemn and serene. The high domed ceiling rests on wooden rafters. Cement-jali windows allow filtered light to gently illuminate the interior. It is not adorned with the grand embellishments seen in later Mughal tombs, but its understated elegance and symmetry make it a remarkable testament to Kashmir’s early Indo-Islamic architecture.
Final Resting Place of a King and His Mother
Queen Miran’s tomb occupies the central position in the Budshah Tomb complex, reflecting her esteemed status. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin was laid to rest just north of her mausoleum, under a simple stone slab. Also buried nearby are his wife Taj Khatoon and his children. This layout speaks volumes of the king’s devotion—placing his mother at the heart of the complex, both symbolically and spiritually.
Even in death, the Budshah chose to remain close to the woman who had shaped his ideals, nurtured his character, and guided his reign.
The Present State of the Budshah Tomb
Despite its historical and architectural significance, the Budshah Tomb has not received the preservation it truly deserves. Many of its glazed tiles have faded or fallen off. The dome and surrounding walls have suffered due to weathering and lack of consistent maintenance. Though the tomb is officially protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), restoration efforts have been limited, and parts of the royal graveyard are encroached upon by modern development.
Heritage advocates have been calling for increased awareness, proper signage, guided heritage walks, and restoration of tilework and masonry. The tomb, if properly preserved, could become a powerful cultural and educational site for both locals and tourists.
 How to Visit Budshah Tomb
The Budshah Tomb is located near Zaina Kadal Bridge in the old quarters of Srinagar, not far from major attractions like Jamia Masjid, Khanqah-e-Moula, and the bustling traditional markets. It is open to visitors throughout the day and free of charge. The best time to visit is in the early morning or late afternoon, when the light enhances the remaining tilework and the site is at its most peaceful.
A visit here offers more than just a historical experience—it invites reflection on the timeless values of compassion, unity, and legacy.
 Legacy and Importance
The Budshah Tomb stands today not as a monument to power, but as a symbol of compassion and inclusivity. It tells the story of a ruler who chose peace over war, diversity over division, and intellect over orthodoxy. Zain-ul-Abidin’s leadership shaped the Kashmir we know today, and the tomb is a living reminder of what Kashmir once was and what it can be again.
In an age when monuments often glorify conquest, the Budshah Tomb offers something far more meaningful—a quiet lesson in leadership, humility, and love. It reminds us that the truest legacy is not built in stone, but in the hearts of people, and that even centuries later, a son’s devotion to his mother can still inspire an entire civilization.
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